City of Temecula History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

City of Temecula History - Term Paper Example The rancheria [ranchos-missions] at Temecula housed a granary and a chapel, the granary making it the ‘most important dependency of the prosperous Mission San Luis Rey’† (Bibb para. 2). It is accepted that the region included a coastal area, interior plains for planting all bounded by mountains. The exact location of the original town â€Å"pueblo† of Temecula as has been said is in dispute, however according to an 1860 census the town designated as Temecula was home to â€Å"300 inhabitants and forty adobes† (Bibb para. 6). The name is generally applied to a region adjacent to San Diego. Survey maps from 1860 place Temecula in the near vicinity of Vignes Rancho and Pendleton. (Bibb para. 15) According to Bibb, the Indians were formally evicted from [what is acknowledged to be] Temecula in the late 1800s, along with other tribes in the area, victims of economics and political strife between Californios (Mexicans) and the Americans. â€Å"The present-day town of Temecula lies three and one half miles northwest of the original indian village and is a product of the now defunct railroad built in the 1880s, which ran from San Bernardino to San Diego† (Bibb para. 7). The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, by which the United States acquired the southwest territory from Mexico, was signed on February 2, 1848, ushering in the end of the golden era of the ranchos. Farris provides an accurate description of the fate of original inhabitants of the Temecula Valley pertinent to the Luisenos and others. By the early 1800s plans to dissolve the missions [secularization] as communities in favor of selling off land to private interests was well underway. â€Å"With the arrival in 1833 of the Mexican appointee, General Jose Figueroa, [Governor] the final implementation of a plan for the widespread secularization of the missions was completed. The process of emancipation of the Indians and dividing up the land

Rabindranath Tagore Story & Poem Essay Example for Free

Rabindranath Tagore Story Poem Essay A Nandalal Bose illustration for The Hero, part of the 1913 Macmillan release of The Crescent MoonThe Sadhana period, 1891–1895, was among Tagores most fecund, yielding more than half the stories contained in the three-volume Galpaguchchha, itself a group of eighty-four stories. [18] They reflect upon Tagores surroundings, on modern and fashionable ideas, and on mind puzzles. Tagore associated his earliest stories, such as those of the Sadhana period, with an exuberance of vitality and spontaneity; these traits were cultivated by zamindar Tagore’s life in villages such as Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida. Seeing the common and the poor, he examined their lives with a depth and feeling singular in Indian literature up to that point. [79] In The Fruitseller from Kabul, Tagore speaks in first person as a town-dweller and novelist who chances upon the Afghani seller. He channels the longing of those trapped in mundane, hardscrabble Indian urban life, giving play to dreams of a different existence in the distant and wild mountains: There were autumn mornings, the time of year when kings of old went forth to conquest; and I, never stirring from my little corner in Calcutta, would let my mind wander over the whole world. At the very name of another country, my heart would go out to it I would fall to weaving a network of dreams: the mountains, the glens, the forest . . [80] Many of the other Galpaguchchha stories were written in Tagore’s Sabuj Patra period (1914–1917; also named for one of Tagores magazines). [18] A 1913 illustration by Asit Kumar Haldar for The Beginning, a prose-poem in The Crescent MoonTagores Golpoguchchho (Bunch of Stories) remains among Bengali literatures most popular fictional works, providing subject matter for many successful films and theatrical plays. Satyajit Rays film Charulata was based upon Tagores controversial novella, Nastanirh (The Broken Nest). In Atithi (also made into a film), the young Brahmin boy Tarapada shares a boat ride with a village zamindar. The boy reveals that he has run away from home, only to wander around ever since. Taking pity, the zamindar adopts him and ultimately arranges his marriage to the zamindars own daughter. However, the night before the wedding, Tarapada runs off—again. Strir Patra (The Letter from the Wife) is among Bengali literatures earliest depictions of the bold emancipation of women. The heroine Mrinal, the wife of a typical patriarchical Bengali middle class man, writes a letter while she is travelling (which constitutes the whole story). It details the pettiness of her life and struggles; she finally declares that she will not return to her husbands home with the statement Amio bachbo. Ei bachlum: And I shall live. Here, I live. Haimanti assails Hindu marriage and the dismal lifelessness of married Bengali women, hypocrisies plaguing the Indian middle classes, and how Haimanti, a sensitive young woman, must—due to her sensitiveness and free spirit—sacrifice her life. In the last passage, Tagore directly attacks the Hindu custom of glorifying Sitas attempted self-immolation as a means of appeasing her husband Ramas doubts. Musalmani Didi examines Hindu-Muslim tensions and, in many ways, embodies the essence of Tagores humanism. Darpaharan exhibits Tagores self-consciousness, describing a fey young man harboring literary ambitions. Though he loves his wife, he wishes to stifle her own literary career, deeming it unfeminine. Tagore himself, in his youth, seems to have harbored similar ideas about women. Darpaharan depicts the final humbling of the man as he acknowledges his wifes talents. As do many other Tagore stories, Jibito o Mrito equips Bengalis with a ubiquitous epigram: Kadombini moriya proman korilo she more nai—Kadombini died, thereby proving that she hadnt.

The Fight for Sanity in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essay

The Fight for Sanity in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper is partly autobiographical and it illustrates the fight for selfhood by a women in an oppressed and oppressive environment.   In the story, the narrator is not allowed to write or think, basically becoming more dysfunctional as she is entrapped in a former nursery room where bars adorn the windows and the bed is nailed to the floor.   In this story there is an obstinacy on behalf of the narrator as she tries to go around her husband's and physician's restrictions, however, there is no resisting the oppressive nature of her environment and she finally surrenders to madness even though it represents some kind of selfhood and resistance because it allows her to escape her oppression, "She obsesses about the yellow wallpaper, in which she sees frightful patterns and an imprisoned female figure trying to emerge.   The narrator finally escapes from her controlling husband and the intolerable confines of her existenc e by a final descent into insanity as she peels the wallpaper off and bars her husband from the room" (Gilman, 1999, 1).    Gilman herself suffered from post-partum hysteria and was treated by a famous doctor of the era, one who prescribed his famous "rest cure", the same cure the female narrator cannot tolerate and defies in The Yellow Wallpaper.   In this story the narrator remains nameless and there is good reason for it.   She feels as if she has no identity or control over obtaining fulfillment and unity and satisfaction in life.   Her husband is a doctor who also prescribes complete rest for her and is opposed to her doing the one thing that seems to give her a unique voice, writing.   Thus, the narrator defies her... ...ation of the personality)" (Brown, 1999, 1).   Gilman shows how this descent is inevitable in such an oppressive environment, unless, of course, one is as strong as Gilman herself in overcoming such an environment.      Works Cited The Yellow Wallpaper. http://members.aol.com/luvthebard/111/yellowwallpaper.html, Aug. 2, 1999, 1-2. Brown, B. D.   A Psychological Approach to Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper. http://www.usinternet.com/users/bdbourn/yellow.htm, Aug. 2, 1999, 1-2. Dewey, J.   Art and Education: A Collection of Essays.   Pennsylvania, The Barnes Foundation Press, 1954. Gilman, C. P.   Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader.   New York, Pantheon Books, 1980. Gilman, C. P. Charlotte Perkins Gilman:   The Yellow Wallpaper. http://endeavor.med.nyu.edu/lit-med/lit-med-db/webdocs/webdescrips/gilman87-des-.html, Aug. 2, 1999, 1-2.   

Inflammatory Bowel Disease :: Crohns Disease

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic disorders that cause inflammation or ulceration in the small and large intestines. Most often IBD is classified as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease but may be referred to as colitis, enteritis, ileitis, and proctitis. Ulcerative colitis causes ulceration and inflammation of the inner lining of a couple of really bad places, while Crohn's disease is an inflammation that extends into the deeper layers of the intestinal wall. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease cause similar symptoms that often resemble other conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (spastic colitis). The correct diagnosis may take some time. Crohn's disease usually involves the small intestine, most often the lower part (the ileum). In some cases, both the small and large intestine (those really bad places again) are affected. In other cases, only the SUPER really bad place is involved. Sometimes, inflammation also may affect the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, appendix, or some nasty sounding word. Crohn's disease is a chronic condition and may recur at various times over a lifetime. Some people have long periods of remission, sometimes for years, when they are free of symptoms. There is no way to predict when a remission may occur or when symptoms will return.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most common symptoms of Crohn's disease are abdominal pain, often in the lower right area, and diarrhea. There also may be rectal bleeding, weight loss, and fever. Bleeding may be serious and persistent, leading to anemia (low red blood cell count). Children may suffer delayed development and stunted growth. What Causes Crohn's Disease and Who Gets It?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many theories about what causes Crohn's disease, but none has been proven. One theory is that some agent, perhaps a virus, affects the body's immune system to trigger an inflammatory reaction in the intestinal wall. Although there is a lot of evidence that patients with this disease have abnormalities of the immune system, doctors do not know whether the immune problems are a cause or a result of the disease. Doctors believe, however, that there is little proof that Crohn's disease is caused by emotional distress or by an unhappy childhood. Crohn's disease affects males and females equally and appears to run in some families. About 20 percent of people with Crohn's disease have a blood relative with some form of inflammatory bowel disease, most often a brother or sister and sometimes a parent or child. How Does Crohn's Disease Affect Children?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women with Crohn's disease who are considering having children can be comforted to know that the vast majority of such pregnancies will result in normal children.

Social Network Marketing & Its Effectiveness

Introduction The objective of this review is to explore what the research says about social network marketing and its effectiveness. The first wave of internet revolution (web 1. 0) brought consumers e-commerce. The second wave, Web 2. 0 evolved into a much robust and interactive experience, allowing consumers to participate and share information effectively, Social network media such as Facebook, Tweeters, etc. have grown rapidly. Users are not only teens but also adults. The popularity of smartphones, hand-held tablet computers, computer notebooks also help the increase in popularity of using these sites.For instance, social net work media have replaced e-mails to become the most popular communication tools. To marketing practitioners, this wave of digital revolution cannot be ignored. More than that Web 2. 0 enable consumers to generate content and share. This change is totally different from conventional marketing, in which firms generate content or messages to bombard users and potential users (such as advertising). It is now not a question of whether a company should use digital media, but how they can maximize the benefit from the rise of these new media network.It may not mean that conventional marketing tools such as advertising will be replaced overnight, but social network media should be able to synergize conventional promotional tools. Thus, naturally the question of tracking and measuring social network media and its ROI will be asked, which will be addressed in this paper. The use of social network media in consumer marketing is well established. Its application in education, healthcare, and also in pharmaceutical promotion are also explored. Word of Mouth Marketing To begin with, the concept of word of mouth marketing is explored.Marketers recognized that the conversations among customers are powerful influence of product adoptions (Ryan and Gross 1943; Rogers 1962). Traditionally, marketers develop message to influence selective consumers (who may be early users) and these consumers help propagate the product message to other consumers. More sophisticated marketers will identify influencers in the group of potential consumers (or opinion leaders) and influence them. Thereafter, these opinion leaders can help propagate marketers' message to other consumers.In web 2. 0 err, consumers will participate in the whole marketing communication process. They will coproduce content to be shared in their chosen network. Hence, Word of Mouth model has evolved from a consumer-to-consumer process in the past to a opinion leader to consumer model, and most recently, a network coproduction model (Figure 1. ) Marketers do not only influence the selective consumers (opinion leaders) in the launch phase, but also have to monitor the process of consumer to consumer messaging.The coproduction model of word of mouth marketing is further depicted by Adrian Palmer and Nicole Koenig-Lewis. In their article â€Å"An experiential, social network-ba sed approach to direct marketing†, the authors proposed a framework of 3 elements of the social network environment – the seller, the customer and the community (Figure 2). In this model, the traditional interface for direct marketings has been between the seller and the customers, represented by the hatched area. With the introduction of the community element, the customer interacts with self-selected communities.Sellers need to interact with selected communities to achieve a variety of benefits, including spreading of positive word of mouth and gathering information about buyers' needs and preferences. The challenge is how to balance the interest of the sellers, the customers and the community, and this is represented in the overlapping area of the 3 circles. Figure 2. Direct marketing in a social network Success Factors for Social Network Sites Shu-Chuan Chu and Yoojung Kim studied the determinants of consumer engagement in social networking sites (Chu & Kim 2011).Ba sed on literature review, the authors identifies 5 determinants – tie strength, homophily, trust, normative and informational interpersonal influence as important antecedent to eWOM behavior in SNSs. Tie Strength Tie strength refers to â€Å"the potency of the bond between members of a network† (Mittal et al. 2008, p. 196). Example of strong tie strength is family members, whereas weak tie strength is colleagues. Strong tie were more likely to be activated for the flow of referral behavior. The hypothesis is that SNS users' perceived tie strength with their contacts is positively related to their engagement n eWOM behaviors in SNSs.Homophily Homophily refers to the degree to which individuals who interact with one another are congruent or similar in certain attributes (Rogers & Bhowmik 1970). The assumption is that people with simailar characteristics, such as age & character may come together to form community. Hence, the hypothesis is that SNS users' perceived homoph ily with their contacts is positively related to their engagement in eWOM behaviours in SNSs. Trust Trust is defined as ‘a willingness to rely on an exchange partner in whom one has confidence' (Moorman et al. 1993, p. 82).In todays popular SNS, users share information with their own real network and thus, significantly increase the level of trust. Therefore, the hypothesis is SNS users' perceived trust in their contacts is positively related to their engagement in eWOM behaviors in SNSs. Normative influence Normative influence refers to the tendency to conform to the expectations of others. It affects attitudes, norms and values (Burnkrant & Cousineau 1975). The hypothesis is that SNS users' susceptibility to normative influences is positively related to their engagement in eWOM behaviors in SNSs. Informational influenceInformational influences, on the other and, denote the tendency to accept information from knowledgeable others and be guided in product, brand and store sear ch (Bearden et al. 1989; Deutsch & Gerard 1955). The hypothesis is that SNS users' susceptibility to informational influences is positively related to their engagement in eWOM behaviors in SNSs. These factors were tested in an on-line survey of the college students on their 3 operationalized engagement: opinion seeking, opinion giving and opinion passing. The findings of the study are: Tie strength is positively associated with eWOM behavior.On the other hand, a negative relationship was found between homophily and eWOM in SNSs. Trust is found to be positively impact engagement with eWOM. Normative and informational influences are important for the engagement, but informational influence in opinion giving is not determined. Implications: The results from this study suggest that advertisers must take social relationship factors into account and develop personalized marketing communications strategies to fulfil SNS users' needs. Insight into Network Co-production of Product Messaging That marketers may not have full control in the product messaging in social etwork marketing, Kozinets, de Valck, Woinicki & Wilner studied a mobile phone launch campaign using social network media (blogs) (Kozinets, de Valck, Woinicki & Wilner 2010). 83 bloggers were seeded with a new mobile phone and their blogs were monitored for 6 months. The bloggers were selected based on their traffic on their blogs. There is no obligation for the bloggers to write or not write. This study gave detailed analysis of the posts and provide good insight and lessons learnt from a commercial program used in social network media. The study found that bloggers can be categorized based on their character style.For instance, in the study at least 4 types are identified, 1. citizen journalist, 2. loving mother, 3. satirical exhibitionist, and 4. the making-ends-meet professional blogger. Four narrative strategies are identified (Figure 3) – evaluation, embracing, endorsement and explanation. Whic h strategy to be adopted depends on the blogger's character, the governing norm in the community and the commercial element in the WOMM. The study found that the motivation for consumers to participate in the co-production of WOM are more complex and culturally embeded, shaped by communal interests and communicative orientations and charged with moral hazard.WOM communicators demonstrate their need to balance inherent commercial-communal tensions while being consistent with the character elements of their ongoing narratives. It is also found that WOMM message and their attendant meanings will be altered by communicators in ways taht are attuned to a range of different individual and communal factors. The managerial implications from the study are the followings. Firstly, managers should pay attention to not only the quantity (so-called amplification by advertising professional), but also quality of the consumer-generated messages.Secondly, consumers that play the role of communicato rs should be further explored, classified and devloped. Thirdly, managers should proactively explore the norms assococaited with the communication network. Marketer also need to rethink whether some degree of control must be imposed in a WOM campaign. For instance, in the current study, that bloggers are free to write and even disclose their relationship with the firm can generate negative WOM and distrust in the community. More important this study also suggests that managers have an opportunity to encoruage particular narrative stategies that may be ideal for their product.Figure 3 Social Network Marketing vs Traditional Marketing? Studies shown that social network marketing (word of mouth marketing) and traditional marketing work synergistically (Onishi & Manchanda 2012; Trusov, Bucklin & Pauwels 2008). In a Japanese study, how blogs and advertising interact during product launch in movie and cell phone categories were studied. The study found that advertising will stimulate blog ging activities during product pre-launch, and effect is less apparent post launch (Onishi & Manchanda 2012).In another study (Trusov, Bucklin & Pauwels 2008), electronic word of mouth (eWOM) programs of a social network site were compared with PR programs (media appearance and Events) in terms of the effectiveness in generating new sign-ups. The founding is that eWOM is more effective than media appearance and events. However, it is also observed that eWOM and PR work synergistically. The studies also showed that blogging and eWOM effects are more long-lasting. The effectiveness of Social Media MarketingIn the article by Hoffman and Fodor (Hoffman & Fodor 2010), the authors attempted to address the ROI metric of social network marketing. As social network sites are now easily measured by search of your brand's blogs or data mining, quantative measurement seems to be ppssible. Some people may want a simple direct short term sales against direct costs. The authors caution whether thi s is a suitabke measurement of social network effectiveness. Nevertheless, we know that Social network marketing can substituted traditional marketing.As traditional marketing such as TV advertising is expensive, by allocating a certain amount of promotional budget to digital marketing can definitely reduce cost and achieve more or less same results. Another benefit of social network marketing is the improvement of market research by direct communicating with users and thus, significantly saving the amount of market research costs. To meaningfully measure ROI of social media marketing, the authors suggest to begin with identifying the objectives of a particular social marketing campaign in order to take into consideration of different nature of social network media (figure 4).In short, brand awareness, brand engagement and word of mouth effect can be measured. Figure 4 References: Donna L. Hoffman, Marek Fodor 2010. Can You Measure the ROI of Your Social Media Marketing? MIT Sloan M anagement Review 52,1(Fall): 41-49. Fue Zeng, Li Huang, Wenyu Dou 2009. Journal of Interactive Advertising 10,1: 1-13. Hirishi Onishi, Puneet Manchanda 2012. Marketing activity, blogging and sales. Intern. J. of Research in Marketing 29: 221-234.Shu-Chuan Chu, Yoojung Kim 2011, Determinants of consumer engagement in electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in social networking sites, International Journal of Advertising 30,1: 47-75. Robert V Kozinets, Kristine de Valck, Andrea C Wojnick and Sarah JS Wilner 2010, Networked Narratives: Understanding Word-of-Mouth Marketing in Online Communities, Journal of Marketing, 74 (March): 71-89. Louise Kelly, Garyle and Judy Drennan 2010, Avoidance of Advertising in Social Networking sites: the Teenage Perspective, Journal of Interactive Advertising, 10, 25(Spring): pp. 16-27.

Free Essays on The Roots Of Communist China

To say that the Chinese Communist revolution is a non-Western revolution is more than a clich‚. That revolution has been primarily directed, not like the French Revolution but against alien Western influences that approached the level of domination and drastically altered China's traditional relationship with the world. Hence the Chinese Communist attitude toward China's traditional past is selectively critical, but by no means totally hostile. The Chinese Communist revolution, and the foreign policy of the regime to which it has given rise, have several roots, each of which is embedded in the past more deeply than one would tend to expect of a movement seemingly so convulsive. The Chinese superiority complex institutionalized in their tributary system was justified by any standards less advanced or efficient than those of the modern West. China developed an elaborate and effective political system resting on a remarkable cultural unity, the latter in turn being due mainl y to the general acceptance of a common, although difficult, written language and a common set of ethical and social values, known as Confucianism. Traditional china had neither the knowledge nor the power that would have been necessary to cope with the superior science, technology, economic organization, and military force that expanding West brought to bear on it. The general sense of national weakness and humiliation was rendered still keener by a unique phenomenon, the modernization of Japan and its rise to great power status. Japan's success threw China's failure into sharp remission. The Japanese performance contributed to the discrediting and collapse of China's imperial system, but it did little to make things easier for the subsequent successor. The Republic was never able to achieve territorial and national unity in the face of bad communications and the widespread diffusion of modern arms throughout the country. Lacking internal authority, it did... Free Essays on The Roots Of Communist China Free Essays on The Roots Of Communist China To say that the Chinese Communist revolution is a non-Western revolution is more than a clich‚. That revolution has been primarily directed, not like the French Revolution but against alien Western influences that approached the level of domination and drastically altered China's traditional relationship with the world. Hence the Chinese Communist attitude toward China's traditional past is selectively critical, but by no means totally hostile. The Chinese Communist revolution, and the foreign policy of the regime to which it has given rise, have several roots, each of which is embedded in the past more deeply than one would tend to expect of a movement seemingly so convulsive. The Chinese superiority complex institutionalized in their tributary system was justified by any standards less advanced or efficient than those of the modern West. China developed an elaborate and effective political system resting on a remarkable cultural unity, the latter in turn being due mainl y to the general acceptance of a common, although difficult, written language and a common set of ethical and social values, known as Confucianism. Traditional china had neither the knowledge nor the power that would have been necessary to cope with the superior science, technology, economic organization, and military force that expanding West brought to bear on it. The general sense of national weakness and humiliation was rendered still keener by a unique phenomenon, the modernization of Japan and its rise to great power status. Japan's success threw China's failure into sharp remission. The Japanese performance contributed to the discrediting and collapse of China's imperial system, but it did little to make things easier for the subsequent successor. The Republic was never able to achieve territorial and national unity in the face of bad communications and the widespread diffusion of modern arms throughout the country. Lacking internal authority, it did...

Policy Analysis Homelessness

Policy Analysis Homelessness Problem Identification The term refers to a state of affairs whereby some members of society do not have places they can call home. Such individuals survive through assistance from government and well-wishers. Homelessness is associated with so many societal evils, which calls for immediate solution. The public, as well as government, is endangered with the issue of homeless.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Policy Analysis: Homelessness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Policy makers in government and in private sectors must come up with ways of solving the problem completely since they are both affected. The private sector suffers from insecurity and other forms of crime while the government is unable to design a viable budget for the country. Many factors cause homelessness but this paper will highlight some of the consequences. The effects are so severe hence calling for sound policies that can bring relief to t he public. People who stay in the cold are vulnerable to diseases such as tuberculosis, skin diseases and nutritional deficiencies. This leads to overspending of resources in curing such complexities. Furthermore, life in the streets is brutal meaning that physical attacks and muggings are prevalent. Such attacks affect the well-being of society, for instance women are exposed to sexual assault while children are taken through inhuman processes. It is therefore true that homelessness is a serious issue that needs to be tackled with gravity. This paper identifies some of the solutions to the problem and analyzes the viability of each solution. It is identified that policy analysis is an important aspect of any project. Homelessness needs policies that are practical that is, attainable. Such policies can only be achieved through proper analysis. Policy Solution and Alternatives There are a number of solutions to the problem of homelessness such as political, perceptual and personal so lutions. Perceptual policy is more costly and time consuming because it relates to changing the views of members of society. As an alternative, the policy is applicable only after solving political problems. Personality policy is another alternative to the problem but it is more specific meaning that individuals themselves can come up with ideas on how to improve their lives. Community-based organizations can help individuals accomplish personal missions. Political solutions are more important because they consist of governmental action. It is about coming up with sound policies that aim at eliminating the problem.Advertising Looking for proposal on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It takes place in government that is, in the legislature, judiciary or executive. In this paper, more emphasis will be put on the executive branch because it is concerned with public policy. The government must come u p with policies that guarantee affordable housing, timely prevention and rapid re-housing plans, all-inclusive mental health services and increased social help (Drake, 2002). Policy makers from government are the only officers charged with designing all public programs. Process Activities There are some steps followed in designing policies both in government and in the private sector. Six steps must be followed keenly when creating or formulating a public policy. The first step would be to classify general understandings and fundamental regulations for working together. Any solution to homelessness would involve cooperation among various stakeholders, both in government and private sectors. All parties involved in solving the problem must understand some concepts. Second step pertains to laying the groundwork. Each party or stakeholder should be informed his/her role and responsibility. Existing gaps must be sealed through consensus meaning that differences must be sorted out before setting up the project. As it is has always been the case, information is power. Policy formulators cannot do much unless enough data is provided. This means that some research on the problem is very important for project prosperity. Without funding, the policy is bound to fail. Sources of funding should be identified in advance and each department allocated sufficient capital and human resources. The fourth step is more practical because it pertains to execution policy execution. Policy makers at this stage must build strategies and work plans to guide the project. For efficient participation in public policy process, all stakeholders, mainly communities that are new to the project, should sketch their model in advance. Typical processes should as well be staged to enlighten each group of what to anticipate, and of what is required of them in terms of contribution to the process. After clear coordination of activities, it is now appropriate for policy makers to put strategies and processes into action. Joint ventures demand that all parties must adhere to the set standards and processes. Each office must strive to deliver the best results.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Policy Analysis: Homelessness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The last stage is the most important because it gives feedback to policy makers. The stage is crucial in determining the success of the project. The stage is evaluation of joint process and measuring outcomes. Through evaluation, policy makers can identify what has been working and what needs to be adjusted in order to eliminate homelessness (Kraft, Furlong, 2010). In this stage, agreements made by stakeholders are closely monitored and assessed. Policy Analysis and Evaluation Evaluating a policy is important because it gives policy makers a clear picture of what should be done and what have been achieved. Through evaluation, policy formulators identify the s trengths and weaknesses of a particular policy. Resources could be wasted without policy evaluation. Policy makers can decide to move on with project implementation or put it on hold depending on performance. It is true that evaluation saves resources and avoids unnecessary wastages that can happen due to ignorance. Projects aiming at solving public issues are usually sensitive because they are prone to misappropriation and embezzlement. It is only through evaluation that policy makers can account for each cent spent in the project. Since homelessness is a wide issue, solving it without proper assessment would result to more problems. Evaluation generates more data that can be utilized in answering questions related to homelessness. Scholars have formulated several theories and techniques for policy analysis. Herbert Simon came up with rational theory in 1976, to explain how policy makers ought to make public policies (Herbert, 1976). The theory is applied in systems that are stable such as government. Furthermore, the issue of homelessness is neither ambiguous nor limited in expensive hence the theory can be employed in analyzing the policy. It has some processes such as gathering data, identifying the real problem, which is homelessness in this case, assessing the consequences of alternatives such as personal, political and perceptional, and finally choosing the most preferred option, which is political action in this paper.Advertising Looking for proposal on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An important feature in analyzing policies is identifying decision criteria. This entails identifying factors that must be considered when designing policies. Some factors must be considered in making homelessness policies such as politics, accountability, socio-cultural factors, legitimacy, uncertainties, availability of resources and environmental effects. Politicization of policymaking process may lead to delays and failures in the implementation stage. Policy makers must therefore be aware of decision criteria and prepare for it amply. Policy makers can eliminate some decision criteria such as environment impacts, but others cannot be abolished. There are also various types of evaluation techniques that can be utilized in analyzing outcomes. The first type of evaluation is referred to as purely formal evaluation. It entails examining every day or routine tasks. This type of evaluation poses some questions as regards to completion of tasks and conformity to set rules and standard s. Answers to these questions are evaluated carefully and corrective measures are taken immediately. Another evaluation technique is client satisfaction evaluation (Radin, 2000). This type actually seeks to know whether employees understand their roles and responsibilities. Sometimes, projects fail because employees are not familiar to the beneficiaries of the project. Furthermore, client satisfaction evaluation aspires to know whether the targeted group is satisfied with the way a program is being implemented. Once more, responses to these questions are carefully scrutinized and acted upon. Outcomes checklist form of evaluation is concerned with measuring the number of goals and objectives realized. It is useful because not all goals are met at the same time. Others take time to be accomplished hence it is necessary to identify the ones achieved. Expense and effectiveness is another form of evaluation employed by policy makers in measuring the costs and the effects of a particular program. Policy makers think about the possible thing that could have happened without the policy. Did the program achieve its desired objectives? This question is important in policy implementation in public sector. References Drake, H. (2002). Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Herbert, S. (1976). Administrative Behavior (3rd ed.). New York, NY: The Free Press. Kraft, M., Furlong, R. (2010). Public Policy: Politics, Analysis, and Alternatives (3rd ed.). New York, NY: CQ Press. Radin, B. (2000). Beyond Machiavelli: Policy Analysis Comes of Age. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press.

How to Research Loyalist Ancestors

How to Research Loyalist Ancestors Loyalists, sometimes referred to as Tories, Royalists, or Kings Men, were American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the years leading up to and including the American Revolution (1775–1783). Historians estimate that as many as 500,000 people - fifteen to twenty percent of the population of the Colonies- opposed the revolution. Some of them were active in their opposition, actively speaking out against the rebels, serving with British units during the war, or supporting the King and his forces as couriers, spies, guides, suppliers, and guards. Others were more passive in their choice of position. Loyalists were present in large numbers in New York, a refuge for persecuted Loyalists from September 1776 until its evacuation in 1783. There were also large groups in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and in the southern colonies of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.1 Elsewhere they were a large minority of the population but least numerous in Massachusetts Virginia. Life as a Loyalist Because of their beliefs, Loyalists in the Thirteen Colonies were often treated as traitors. Active Loyalists may have been coerced into silence, stripped of their property, or even banished from the Colonies. In areas under Patriot control, Loyalists could not sell land, vote, or work in occupations such as doctor, lawyer, or schoolteacher. The outright hostility against the Loyalists both during and following the war ultimately resulted in the flight of about 70,000 Loyalists to British territories outside the colonies. Of these, approximately 46,000 went to Canada and Nova Scotia; 17,000 (primarily Southern Loyalists and their slaves) to the Bahamas and West Indies; and 7,000 to Britain. Among the Loyalists numbered not only colonists of British heritage, but also Scots, Germans, and Dutch, plus individuals of Iroquois ancestry and former African-American slaves. Begin with a Literature Survey If you have successfully traced your ancestry back to an individual living in America during the American Revolution, and clues seem to point to him being a possible Loyalist, then a survey of existing published source materials on Loyalists is a good place to begin. Many of these can actually be researched online through free sources that publish digitized version of historical books and journals. Use search terms such as loyalists or royalists and your area (state or country of interest) to explore available resources online in Google and in each of the historical books collections listed in 5 Free Sources for Historical Books Online. Examples of what you can find online include: Siebert, Wilbur H. The Loyalists of Pennsylvania. The Ohio State University Bulletin, 24 (April 1920). Digitized copy. Archive.org. http://archive.org/stream/pennsyloyalist00siebrich#page/n3/mode/2up : 2013.Lambert, Robert Stansbury. South Carolina Loyalists in the American Revolution, second edition. Digital book. Clemson: Clemson University Digital Press, 2010. clemson.edu/cedp/cudp/pubs/lambert/lambert.pdf : 2013. When searching specifically for historical publications, try various combinations of search terms such as United Empire Loyalists or loyalists pennsylvania or south carolina royalists. Terms such as Revolutionary War or American Revolution can turn up useful books as well. Periodicals are another excellent source of information on Loyalists. To find articles on this topic in historical or genealogical journals, conduct a search in PERSI, an index to over 2.25 million genealogy and local history articles appearing in publications of thousands of local, state, national and international societies and organizations. If you have access to a university or other large library, the JSTOR database is another good source for historical journal articles. Search for Your Ancestor in Loyalist Lists During and after the Revolution, various lists of known Loyalists were created which may name your ancestor. The United Empire Association of Canada has probably the largest list of known or suspected Loyalists. Called the Directory of Loyalists, the list includes about 7,000 names compiled from a variety of sources. Those marked as proven, are proven United Empire Loyalists; the rest are either unproven names found identified in at least one resource or those who have been proven NOT to be Loyalists. Most of the lists published during the war as proclamations, in newspapers, etc. have been located and published. Look for these online, in U.S. state archives, in Canadian provincial archives, and in archives and other repositories in other areas where Loyalists settled, such as Jamaica. Sources: 1. Robert Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp 549–50.

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Education - Essay Example Children who have special learning needs are referred to as exceptional students; that is, gifted and disabled children. Gifted children have superior intellectual development and are capable of high performance. Exceptional Student Education (ESE) is indiscriminate and assists each child to progress in school and in the learning environment in general. Overview of evaluation process The program requires that all students be assessed in all areas related to their disabilities while also considering their ability to access the general curriculum in relation to how the disability affects the student’s learning, objectives that relate to the needs of the student, forming goals and choosing a placement in the least restrictive environment possible for the student. Eligibility of the process The IEP outlines each and every step on how the student learns and how the learning is best demonstrated. It also outlines what the educators will do to assist the student learn more effectivel y. Role of IEP team members The roles of the team members are all set with the main objective of assisting the child in the learning process. Different team members have different roles. ... Regular education teacher Provides information on the general curriculum standards Determines any program modifications and the necessary support required for school personnel Representative of the school district Provides specially designed instruction in relation to his qualification Has authority to commit resources School district representative Ensures that relevant services will be provided by the district Identifies placement options available in the district Intervention specialists Drafts objectives for the program on the student’s performance Identify any supplementary aids and services which the student may require in the regular classroom. Professional IEP team members Psychologists Physical therapists Occupational therapists Speech therapists A special educator Vision or hearing specialists Additional specialists in relation to the student’s specific needs IEP Development When the team members meet, they discuss the student’s educational needs and fo rmulate specific short term and annual goals for such needs. Areas deserving specialized attention are also outlined. Services are split into two categories; Those to be provided in the school’s schedule, Those to be provided on a consultative basis Professionals consult with the educators to arrive at strategies to help the student but no hands-on instruction is offered. The program should be reviewed annually to update the set objectives and ensure that the site services are being met and in the right standards. Curriculum needs Every student has the ability to learn and should demonstrate progress in their learning. Further from the regular curriculum, students with disabilities have additional needs to compliment the regular curriculum. Differentiated and focused teaching- reasonable adjustments

Unlocking the postcolonial experience with the keys of history Essay

Unlocking the postcolonial experience with the keys of history - Essay Example In my reading of history I have found that the meaning of history is different for different people.In other words any history,which includes also the postcolonial one,has a subjective meaning for the individual.However,an objective approach to history can unlock the impasse of interpretation of history to the reasonable satisfaction of all people.I have observed that the tone of eulogy that characterized the early writers in the heyday of colonization has given way to less buoyant enthusiasm in the postcolonial literature after the liquidation of the empire. I should think that the Postcolonial writer now expresses his authentic subjective experience, not only of the colonial past, but also his perception of the aftermath of colonization.History is important in Postcolonial studies because it fixes the parameters for inclusion or exclusion the sources that we should study. Experience of a historical colonial past and the literature that reflects this is included as the canonical wor ks for study. However, many argue that the colonial past though politically over is actually present because of the overwhelming influence still exerted by former rulers on their former colonies. Some others argue that colonization is still a reality as some powerful nations still exercise political power from a distance through their conglomerates.1 There is a school of thought that argues that colonial experience is universal in human history because some time in the remote or recent past most countries or peoples had the experience of being subjugated by another powerful people.2 What is Postcolonial I feel that it is necessary to have a clear idea of the term Postcolonial. It became prominent terminology in academic parlance with the publication of Edward Said' vehement critique of western ideas of the Orient in his work Orientalism. His work highlights the inaccuracies of a wide variety of assumptions accepted on individual, academic and political levels. It is a mirror image of what is inferior and alien to the west (Said 1978). According to Said a historian and a scholar should see the diversity of culture and allow room for a dynamic variety of human experience. However, I find that Said was insistent about the essential difference between the orient and the occident. So I feel that in spite of the stereotype that European perception has of the orient there is different subjective perception of one another. In this context it is desirable to read Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. From this we get a proper insight into the colonial mind.3 With the appearance in 1989 of the work The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures, Postcolonial studies became a branch of study by itself and earlier terms like Colonial Literature, Commonwealth Literature and Third World Literature were replaced by Postcolonial. However many do not consider the term suitable. In fact some use term to signify a stand against Imperialism and Euro- centrism often surprisingly ante-Americanism. In this context I wish to compare and contrast the perspective of earlier writers who were conscious or unconscious appendages of the Raj by examining the work, In an Antique Land by Amitav Ghosh.4 Is American Experience Part of Postcolonialism Americas were one of the earliest scenes of European colonial adventure. The American expansion at the cost of the native American population is one of the saddest chapters of world history. Similarly the flourishing slave trade and the vestiges of which remained in our recent memory makes the America all the more a part of essential colonial experience. The white chroniclers of European explorations cinemetically focussed on what they saw through a single lense. However the Postcolonial historians capture the quite mystique of the discovery of the unfolding virgin America with the eyes of the natives Americans also.This

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Leadership - Essay Example There are also positive indications that organizations that are rated highly on diversity are also rated high on other measures of organizational success. (Winston, 2001). Once the diversity and its related issues are identified and acknowledged, the organization can move on to develop systems to co-ordinate and turn diversity into its competitive advantage. One such system, that is perhaps the most crucial one for the entire process to work, is of leadership. There are however, two fold links between leadership and diversity that must be given due consideration. The first arises (as we’ll see in the following paragraphs), due to the fact that it is extremely relevant that leaders and managers acknowledge diversity of the workforce and also, and that they are trained in their approach to direct a diverse people. The second link is due the growing need to encourage more leaders from among those who come with a diverse background. The first issue is pertinent as many of the leadership theories postulate that the leaders’ social skills, intelligence, attitudes, and traits like decisiveness and self-confidence, play a crucial role in his ability to motivate and lead. (Stogdill,1974). Other theories, like the contingency theories, also put forward the ability of the leaders to adjust to the situation and to adapt a flexible approach – an approach that is perhaps the most required one for leading a diverse workforce.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is especially true in the light that people working together in teams, are required to share healthy working relationships, and to complement each other’s skills. The link between diversity and leadership can be identified by the fact that a leader’s task becomes important in a diversity environment, as he is required to keep heterogeneous teams motivated to work together and to stimulate synergistic outputs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, a point to note here is that there is a need to encourage leaders from diverse

Gout as a Metabolic Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Gout as a Metabolic Disorder - Research Paper Example When urates in the blood reach the physiological saturation levels, they crystallize to form monosodium urate (MSU) and gradually accumulate in tissues. This leads to development of asymptomatic hyperuricemia which results into gout (Luk & Simkin, 2005). The clinical manifestations of gout include acute gouty arthritis, deposition of MSU crystals in soft tissues leading to formation of ‘tophi’, urate urolithiasis along with rare incidences of nephropathy. The disease develops in four stages; an asymptomatic hyperuricemia, acute gout with intermittent flares, the intercritical period, and chronic gout (Sundram, 2010). The prevalence of gout have been on a rise during the last few decades chiefly due to changes in life style patterns and increased longevity. In US prevalence has been estimated to be 5.1 million during the period spanning 1988-1994 by the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III). 5.2 cases per 1000 have been reported by the US man aged care database during the year 1999 compared to 2.9 cases in 1990. The disease prevalence rates reportedly are higher in older men than those of rheumatoid arthritis. Incidences of gout have also escalated during the last two decades with annual levels reported by Rochester Epidemiology Project to be twice as high as those reported two decades earlier for primary gout. Higher incidences of disease are reported in men than in women with increased incidences reported with advancing age in both sexes (Weaver, 2008). Despite high prevalence and severe burden of the disease, frequent mismanagement of the disease leads to avoidable incidences of morbidities and mortality (Luk & Simkin, 2005). The current report aims to present an in depth exploration of the risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment modalities of gout. RISK FACTORS Sex Men have a higher level of serum urate rendering them significantly more vulnerable to gout with higher probability of development of gout in men below t he age of 30 compared to women of comparable age. The risk of gout development in men peaks in the age range of 75-84 years, while in women the risks are higher during post menopausal phase. After the age of 60, both men and women are equally vulnerable to the disease (Rott & Agudelo, 2003). Diuretics Diuretic intake is a major cause of hyperuricemia since it causes significant enhancement of reabsorption of uric acid in kidney (Rott & Agudelo, 2003). Several other medications such as low dose aspirin, cyclosporine (increases tubular reabsorption of urate), pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and niacin also lead to hyperuricemia (Weaver, 2008). Comorbidities Individuals with hypertension, insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney diseases and metabolic syndrome are highly vulnerable to gout (Rott & Agudelo, 2003). Lead exposure has also been found to be associated with gout (Sundram, 2010). Poor urate clearance may render a hemodialysis patient v ulnerable to urate deposition and gout. Obesity Individuals with a body mass index (BMI) in the range of 21-22 have been reported to be at much lower risk of developing gout compared to individuals with higher BMI. Alevel of 35 raise the risk three fold. Obesity has been found to be associated with enhance urate synthesis and lower excretion of urate from the kidneys; thereby leading to raised serum urate levels (Weaver, 2008). Dietary Habits A diet rich in meat such as red meat, organ meat; and sea food has been associated with higher vulnerabilities to gout. The same has also been reported for alcohol consumption; especially beer (Choi et al. 2004). On the contrary, purine rich vegetables exhibit no correlation with gout development and dairy products lower the risk marginally (Weaver,

Legalization of Marijuana in America Final Drft Essay

Legalization of Marijuana in America Final Drft - Essay Example Lately, discussion and push for legalization of the drug by pro-marijuana activists has intensified to an extent of triggering serious political interests. This has manifested through the recent comment by President Barrack Obama that marijuana is just like cigarette and alcohol with a promise that Federal government will not interfere with marijuana laws established by individual states. Moreover, governors and state legislatures have publicly commented alongside declaring their positions as far the discussion about the legalization of the drug is concerned. Apart from initial introduction of marijuana in America in 1545 by Spanish, marijuana laws began to exist as early as 1920s. Michael and Renee (2003) attribute the wide spread popularity of marijuana in 1920s to the prohibitive laws established during the Prohibition Era. The era saw the outlaw of alcoholic drinks and people had to resort to marijuana that came from widespread hemp plant. The laws restricted the use of recreational marijuana to the jazz musicians who only took the drug when in dance clubs entertaining people. According to Pfeifer (2011), between 1850 and 1942, the government of USA listed marijuana in Pharmacopeia, and prescribed for conditions like nausea, labor pains and rheumatism. During 1850s through to 1930s, marijuana gained popular use as an intoxicant. Another marijuana law called Marijuana Tax Act came into force in 1937 (Hart & Ksir, 2011). The purpose of the law was to levy tax of one dollar on all growers, importers, buyers, sellers, veterans, physicians and any person prescribing it, using commercially or possess it. Failure to adhere to the Act and handling o marijuana without tax stamp of the Treasury Department would attract a fine of up to $2000, five year imprisonment or both (Michael & Renee, 2003). Regulation 1 later inserted in the Marijuana Tax Act required the Bureau of Narcotics and police of the Treasury Department to conduct inspection and monitoring the use,

Gout as a Metabolic Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Gout as a Metabolic Disorder - Research Paper Example When urates in the blood reach the physiological saturation levels, they crystallize to form monosodium urate (MSU) and gradually accumulate in tissues. This leads to development of asymptomatic hyperuricemia which results into gout (Luk & Simkin, 2005). The clinical manifestations of gout include acute gouty arthritis, deposition of MSU crystals in soft tissues leading to formation of ‘tophi’, urate urolithiasis along with rare incidences of nephropathy. The disease develops in four stages; an asymptomatic hyperuricemia, acute gout with intermittent flares, the intercritical period, and chronic gout (Sundram, 2010). The prevalence of gout have been on a rise during the last few decades chiefly due to changes in life style patterns and increased longevity. In US prevalence has been estimated to be 5.1 million during the period spanning 1988-1994 by the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III). 5.2 cases per 1000 have been reported by the US man aged care database during the year 1999 compared to 2.9 cases in 1990. The disease prevalence rates reportedly are higher in older men than those of rheumatoid arthritis. Incidences of gout have also escalated during the last two decades with annual levels reported by Rochester Epidemiology Project to be twice as high as those reported two decades earlier for primary gout. Higher incidences of disease are reported in men than in women with increased incidences reported with advancing age in both sexes (Weaver, 2008). Despite high prevalence and severe burden of the disease, frequent mismanagement of the disease leads to avoidable incidences of morbidities and mortality (Luk & Simkin, 2005). The current report aims to present an in depth exploration of the risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment modalities of gout. RISK FACTORS Sex Men have a higher level of serum urate rendering them significantly more vulnerable to gout with higher probability of development of gout in men below t he age of 30 compared to women of comparable age. The risk of gout development in men peaks in the age range of 75-84 years, while in women the risks are higher during post menopausal phase. After the age of 60, both men and women are equally vulnerable to the disease (Rott & Agudelo, 2003). Diuretics Diuretic intake is a major cause of hyperuricemia since it causes significant enhancement of reabsorption of uric acid in kidney (Rott & Agudelo, 2003). Several other medications such as low dose aspirin, cyclosporine (increases tubular reabsorption of urate), pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and niacin also lead to hyperuricemia (Weaver, 2008). Comorbidities Individuals with hypertension, insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney diseases and metabolic syndrome are highly vulnerable to gout (Rott & Agudelo, 2003). Lead exposure has also been found to be associated with gout (Sundram, 2010). Poor urate clearance may render a hemodialysis patient v ulnerable to urate deposition and gout. Obesity Individuals with a body mass index (BMI) in the range of 21-22 have been reported to be at much lower risk of developing gout compared to individuals with higher BMI. Alevel of 35 raise the risk three fold. Obesity has been found to be associated with enhance urate synthesis and lower excretion of urate from the kidneys; thereby leading to raised serum urate levels (Weaver, 2008). Dietary Habits A diet rich in meat such as red meat, organ meat; and sea food has been associated with higher vulnerabilities to gout. The same has also been reported for alcohol consumption; especially beer (Choi et al. 2004). On the contrary, purine rich vegetables exhibit no correlation with gout development and dairy products lower the risk marginally (Weaver,

Perceptions of RN associated with screening for PPD Dissertation

Perceptions of RN associated with screening for PPD - Dissertation Example It has been found that postpartum depression not only has both short- and long-term consequences for the mother but also for her newborn child and thus its timely recognition, diagnosis and treatment is vital (Field, 2010). Statistics reveal that each year, approximately 400,000 infants are born to depressed mothers who are thus, at a risk of having adverse emotional, behavioral and physical health outcomes (Joy, 2011). As stated by Beck (2002), postpartum depression is â€Å"a dangerous thief that robs mothers of the love and happiness they expected to feel toward their newborn babies (Beck, 2002, p. 453)†. Studies have revealed that in short term, the mothering practices that become compromised due to the detrimental effects of PPD on the mother’s attitude towards the child include breastfeeding practices, sleep routines, visits to the well child clinic and follow-ups for vaccinations, and overall safety practices (Field, 2010). Moreover, in long-term, PPD impairs con ducive interactions between the mother and the child, negatively impacts nurturance and leads to poor parenting all of which contribute towards negative outcomes for the child, including and not limited to, poorer cognitive development, greater incidence of behavioral issues (such as antisocial and risk taking behaviors) and constrained social interactions on the part of the child such as less sociability (Beck, 2002; Field, 2010). Since this disorder is so common and has such serious and long lasting consequences, it is imperative that appropriate interventions be undertaken in a timely manner in order to prevent the occurrence of the aforementioned negative outcomes. Moreover, as pointed out before, since culture is an important determinant in the etiology of PPD, and postpartum depression has been defined as a â€Å"culture-bound syndrome† (Zubaran, Schumacher, Roxo, & Foresti, 2010) it is important for health care professionals to be aware of the role of culture in the ca usation of PPD and the management, including both diagnosis and treatment, of this disorder should be tailored using a transcultural approach. It has been elucidated that nurses play a significant role in the management of PPD, since they are involved in both screening the women for PPD and also in its treatment, including the provision of counseling services and appropriate referral services when required (Driscoll, 2006). In order to facilitate the provision of these services, nurses need to be culturally sensitive and should approach each woman keeping in mind her cultural, racial and ethnic background and offer culturally appropriate solutions accordingly (Callister, Beckstrand, & Corbett, 2010). Till date most of the literature centered around postpartum depression is predominantly quantitative in nature and the few qualitative studies that do exist focus on elucidating the role of culture in the etiology and causation of PPD. There is a paucity of studies focusing on determini ng the nurses’ experiences and perceptions in providing care for women suffering from postpartum depression, which is pertinent in this setting as nurses are the primary caregivers for patients suffering from postpartum depression. Moreover, there is also an acute shortage of studies examining the different culture appropriate solut

International Law †Definition Essay Example for Free

International Law – Definition Essay There have been many attempts at codifying the laws governing international activities. An international law essentially governs international activities, or activities that have international implications, between two sovereign nations or entities by common rules, standards and conditions. The concept of legally binding agreements with an international scope was first introduced by Jeremy Bentham in the last quarter of the 18th Century (ILC, 2009). Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher who first coined the idea of an international law that would regulate all important activities or aspects of international activities like commerce, justice, high sea activity, illegal acts, sovereignty, self defense and crime (Britannica, 2009). International law is inherently different from other laws as it primarily addresses the concerns of nations and not private citizens. It can legally be categorized into three different legal disciplines: 1. Public international law deals with common law issues between sovereign states and international organizations. Legal areas that are covered under the ambit of Public international law include international crime, high sea issues and humanitarian laws. 2. Private international law also called as conflict of laws, addresses the issue of ‘private relations’ across national borders and decides on the jurisdiction of the law. It has its roots in all the conventions, model laws, sovereign laws, legal guides, and all other documents and related instruments that govern such international relationships (ASIL, 2009). 3. Supranational law also called the law of supranational organizations, governs regional agreements between two international entities and distinguishingly nullifies laws of the respective nations in a situation of conflict with their sovereign laws. Public International Law Public international law relates to the form and ‘conduct’ of individual states and various organizations across the globe. Over a period of time, there has been an increased international activity and globalization has further enabled internationalization of issues. These issues, whether, economic, geo-political, environmental, criminal or else, find their right place under the ambit of Public international law. Public international law mainly has two branches that that deal with international issues. ‘jus gentium’ or ‘Law of nations’ was initially used by the Roman empire when they dealt with foreigners. Law of nations is a common law among nations that deals with issues like peace and war, extraditions, national boundaries and international diplomatic exchanges (Wiki, 2009). The other branch of Public international law, known as ‘Jus inter gentes’, also finds its roots in the Roman law system. This branch mainly deals with international treaties, conventions and other agreements between sovereign nations and international organizations. Public international law is also used to address sovereignty issues of nations, their boundary issues and jurisdictions. They also identify the legal responsibilities of a state, their jurisdiction of a territory and other territorial issues. This may lead to a situation of conflict between the international law itself and the sovereign state. Private International Law Private international law as described earlier addresses the issues between two private international entities. This branch of law regulates all the lawsuits that involve an element ‘foreign’ in nature and ones that may result in different interpretations and judgments depending on the jurisdiction of the subject (Collier, 2001). Private international law, in a situation of conflict between two international entities, determines if the proposed forum has any jurisdiction at all over the conflict situation. It then analyses and decides on the ability of competing state laws in dealing with the dispute. This branch of international law is also responsible for enforcement of the law. The term ‘conflict of Laws’ generally refers to the disparities between laws and reflects this disparity irrespective of the fact whether the legal system is international or inter-state. The term ‘conflict of laws’ is used by countries with common law system whereas the term Private international law is used more appropriately in cases where civil law countries are involved. The term that was initially used by and American lawyer and Judge Joseph Story for a common gamut of international laws, was discarded later by the common law researchers but was adopted by civil law lawyers (Collier, 2009). Since Private international law deals with international territorial disputes and also decides on legal jurisdictions of nation states, it is generally not easy to enforce decisions. There are two different lines of legal thinking that that try to define this law. One called ‘universalism’ is a stream of thinking where the researchers believe that this branch of law is a part of international law and applies in uniformity and is legally binding to all the nation states. The other group of researchers claims it to be ‘particularism’, according to which each state has its own unique norms of private international laws and pursues them in line with its policies. There are two major areas of functioning for Private international law. ‘Sensu stricto’ or narrow sense comprises of these set of rules and guidelines that actually determine the applicability of law of a nation in relation to the dispute. ‘Sensu lato’, also called as broader sense, comprises of a set of legal guidelines that has a direct bearing on material norms crossing the borders of a state (Collier, 2009). This branch of Private international law normally deals with global issues like international insurance, realty and financial disputes. It was in 1834 that Joseph Story’s treatise on the conflict of laws introduced the contemporary field of conflicts to the system of international law. His work had a great influence on the further legal research done on English laws and thus became the heart of Private international laws for most of the commonwealth countries. Sources of International law International law has evolved over a period of time and has its roots in the Middle Eastern and European history. It was Muhammad al-shaybani who first introduced the Law of the Nations at the end of the 8th century. These were the early legal treaties that explored applications of Islamic ethical code of conduct, and Islamic economic and military jurisprudence in relation to international law. Even though these treaties were in their nascent stage as per today’s complexity of issues, they still covered a number of areas under the ambit of international law, including treaties involving diplomats and diplomatic issues, issues of war, hostages and prisoners of war, and also women, children and civilian protection issues, especially during conflicts (wiki, 2009). The first ever treaties discovered in European history were written by a philosopher, theologist and jurist, Francisco de Vitoria, a staunch Roman Catholic, in late 16th century. Most of these legal opinions by the researchers were greatly influenced by the Islamic International laws that were the only legal International law treaties that took shape in the previous few centuries. Another legal scholar Hugo Grotius in the early 17th century further researched on the international treaties governing international laws and was credited for his legal endeavors (Wiki, 2009). The concept of sovereignty further evolved from the 17th century to the early 20th century in Europe. It was in Munster, in 1648, Germany that the first such instance of any treaty governing the concept of international law called ‘Peace of Westphalia’ took shape. This is when nationalism took precedence and people started identifying themselves with a certain nation-state. It was in the United States that history saw for the first time a modern instrument of international law take shape. Lieber Code was passed in 1863 by the Congress of the United States to govern actions of US forces involved with the civil war (Wiki, 2009). This was the first ever written law detailing guidelines and rules of war that were adhered to by all the civilized nations. The sources of International law are various resource materials and the processes that have shaped it over a period of time. Most of these processes or the building blocks of rules were greatly influenced by the politics in general and the legal theories by the researchers or philosophers. The decisions taken by the judges and the writings by the jurists are considered the auxiliary sources for the development of the international law. The international treaties between nation states and organizations, and the customs are also considered international laws of equivalent legitimacy (Wiki, 2009). As per the International Court of Justice, Customs are considered a primary source for International law, along with general principles of law and various treaties. International law and Customs Customary law is already acknowledged by the International Court of Justice by a statute in Article 38(1) (b), and is also incorporated in United Nations charter by Article 92 (Villiger, 1985). Customary laws are applied by international agencies in addressing the issues related to international disputes where the application of customs is considered an equivalent to the general practice accepted a part of International law applicable to the dispute. As a thumb rule, as and when a practice becomes a custom, it is applicable to all the member states of the international community. These states are bound by these customary principles whether or not they have consented for it, unless they opposed it from the start. Customs have long been a primary source for International law. Even though codification of customary laws took place in 1899 and 1907 in the Hague and Geneva conventions, some customs that were codified, like the ‘laws of the war’, had long been the part of international customs. The new codification of customary civil laws developed over a period of time since the middle ages. The customary expressions of law that were repetitive and were widely accepted within a particular community were written into laws by the local jurists. An example of such law would be ‘custom of Paris’ that regulated the community within Parisian region (Villiger, 1985). The term ‘customary law as a part of International law, also refers to the legal norms that were developed over a period of time and with customary exchanges between two independent states either through diplomacy or with wars. Though customary laws are not considered as superior as other laws written by statute or treaties in the International law system and are loosing their influence, they still are considered and recognized as building blocks for the ever evolving international laws and given great thought in most of the scholarly works by jurists. We may find examples of strong customary laws across the globe, like the Canadian aboriginal law, that have a constitutional backing and thus have an increasing influence over deciding factors (Villager, 1985).

Business Plan And Marketing For Aroma Boutique Marketing Essay

Business Plan And Marketing For Aroma Boutique Marketing Essay The Aroma Boutiques mission will be contributing holistic therapy treatment to health care professionals in and around the Paphos area in Cyprus. The therapeutic company will originally provide are Aromatherapy and Reflexology treatments. The Aroma Boutique will present a professional image and manner when carrying out a Complementary and Alternative treatments. Everything we do is interconnected to all the parts of our lives. The Aroma Boutique responsibility is that when treating a patient or client, we are entering a relationship with her and we want to make and keep this a positive one. (V. Pitman and K. Mackenzie, 2002). This small business includes a health care professional who provides healing process to restore health using reflexology technique and essential oils. Our higher goals are health and safety. We support the patient to be more open to their possibility of change and give them staying power and courage to see the healing process through to its conclusion. The name of the company is Aroma Boutique which has been checked and no other business is present with the same name in Cyprus. The Aroma Boutique will be awaited to generate _________ per annum of business income. The specific treatments will be priced at an average of  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­____ for an hour and a half with consultation form and aftercare advice. The business income is based on 10-20 clients a week, operating for 44 weeks of a year. The amount of money will achieve to make a profitable and independent company. The workforce will comprehend of only one person and they will operate as a sole-trader from a privately residence hotel. Business Opportunity Theodora Polydorou will open the small company with the name Aroma Boutique in Paphos, Cyprus. Theodora will begin trading in September 2013 and will propound service which supply Complementary and Alternative treatment such as Aromatherapy and Reflexology. This new and small business started by a currently qualified graduate with a BSc Complementary Therapy (Aromatherapy and Reflexology). This business will trade from a privately residence hotel with specific treatment room. Moreover, some health professionals commented that their jobs are very stressful. Many professionals experiences burn-out at some point, and some health professionals find it unbearable, prompting them to leave clinical medicine for a non-clinical career, or perhaps even leave the healthcare industry altogether (www.healthcareersabout.com ). Considerable research has been devoted to job stress among different groups of health professionals. Mean stress scores on the HPSI were significantly different for all three professions, with nurses reporting the greatest level of stress. Frequency of exposure to individual stressful job situations also differed significantly among the professional groups (Behavioral Medicine, 1988). However, many health professionals have provided numerous ideas for relieving stress and preventing burn-out. All registered practitioners must be assured of the relevance and accountability of the therapy which they are using. On the subject of Accountability the UKCC Guidelines for Professional Practice in 1996 (p.8) state: Accountability is an integral part of professional practice, as in the course of practice. The service supply by Aroma Boutique will advantage clients by relief stress level and improve the condition of the mind giving some effect to the behavior of a person. Therapists must be devoted to the Code of Conduct of their Professional Organization. Therapists should not give a medical diagnosis or promoting the sale of goods. Consequently, the personal information and details of clients will have to kept safety. All communication between the patient and the therapist is confidential. Issues of safety and risk for the therapist when working alone are of increasing importance (A. Left and H. Marquardt, 2000). A number of areas of potential vulnerability should be addressed before beginning practice, in order to minimize it not eliminate such as risks. Customers will be interested in Aroma Boutique because it promotes health and safety treatments. The treatments encourage relaxation and this must be seen as a major benefit on the road to good health and maintenance (Renee Tanne, 2003). Aroma Boutique will have Aromatherapy treatments using essential oils and Reflexology treatments. General Product Safety Regulations and register to regulating body of the IFPA (International Federation of Professional Aromatherapists) and IFR (International Federation of Reflexology) will be included. There is a new legislation around Health and Safety. This new legislation includes recent amendments to accident investigation techniques, fire and hazardous substance legislation. According to the Reflexology Association of Canada defines that reflexology is a natural healing art based on the principle that there are reflexes in the feet, hands and ears and their referral areas within zone related areas, which correspond to every part, gland and organ of the body. It encourages the digestive system, increase the circulation, reduce stress and promote good health and well-being. The vision for the future of this small business is that it will be efficacious and favorable within one year. Therefore, the clients will be delight with their treatments. The services of Aroma Boutique will offer full Aromatherapy massage with essential oils and full Reflexology treatments with natural creams. The benefit of the company is that relieving stress, depression and generally it enhance psychological and physical well-being. Customers will be happed in the Aroma Boutique as it provides enjoyable with special knowledge of health care professional. The health benefit of Aromatherapy is that provide healing of both the mind and the body. Most are used in blends with others essential oils to create a specific result, such as soothing, anxiety, stress, easing nausea or relieving headaches. For instance, Lavender essential oil benefits are relieve pain, remove nervous tension, enhance blood circulation and treat respiratory problems. 1.3 Management team and personnel The workforce will comprehend of only one person and they will operate as a sole-trader from a privately residence hotel. Aroma Boutique includes Aromatherapy and Reflexology treatments and it promotes natural creams, lotion, essential oils and candles. In the geographical area of company there are already services that promote Complementary Therapies in Paphos. The rent of the company is about  £800 per month, which is includes electricity, gas and water. The salary will be considered in around  £800 per month and  £Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­____ per year. The salary will be increase when the outgoings and profit decrease. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Operations The Aroma Boutique will be located in a private residence hotel property, in a specific treatment room. The workforce will comprehend of only one person and they will operate as a sole-trader. The benefits of this location will be that the hotel is on the beach, within walking distance from Paphos Harbour and 1 Km from the town centre of Paphos (www.hotelclub.com ). Moreover, the benefit of the business will be that the rent of the hotel includes electricity, water and gas. However, the disadvantage of the business is that the sole trader has the personal responsibility of payments, insurances, bills, clearing and planning permissions of the Aroma Boutique business. The operations of Aroma Boutique include legislation around Health and Safety Association of Cyprus, Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 and Consumer Protection Act 1973. In addition, Aroma Boutique will be registered to regulating body of the IFPA (International Federation of Professional Aromatherapists) , IFR (International Federation of Reflexology) and General and Product Safety Regulations. The Social Insurances of Cyprus applied to all workers such as employees and self-employees. The insurance are fire alarms, security alarm and Health Insurances that include Hospital and employees insurances. The Social Network will be needed in this business for keeping financial data sheets, confidential client records, website of advertising, communications with clients, searching and online bills. The information of clients will be kept in safety place for confidentiality and additional support. Basic Financial Forecasts The workforce will comprehend of only one person and they will operate as a sole trader from privately residence hotel. In terms of accounting, the sole trader will need to submit an annual self assessment form to HMRC (HM Revenue and Customs), registered as self0employed, and keep accurate and up-to-date records of all business transactions and accounts. Moreover, self employed people are liable for class to NI contributions (currently  £2.40 per week: 2010/11 Tax Year). Corporation Tax is essentially a tax on a sole trader companys profits. The sole trader doesnt usually need to register for VAT (Value Added Tax) until the self employed turnover reaches a certain limit in any 12 months. The VAT is currently  £ 70 000. Capitan Investment for Aroma Boutique business is  £5000. The sale trader can see five clients per day. In result self employed can have 70-75 clients per year and 360 treatments per year. Aroma Boutique will open for 5 days per week, particularly on Monday until on Friday. Six clients a day should be a maximum to ensure the therapists is not overworked and that the clients get a good treatment. Take a minimum of fifteen minutes break between each client (Renne Tanner, 2003). Aroma Boutique will open from 8:30pm to 7:30am with 7 repeat breaks. Sales: 5% discount for first contact. 10% discount for second contact. 50% discount for sixth to twelfth contact. If you pay first 8 treatments, you will have 20% discount with free facial cream for women or free body cream for men. If you pay first 6 treatments, you will have 10% discount. For Student/ Family members/ older people will have 10% discount with one free treatment. For Christmas, Easter and specific holidays gifts are available. The revenues of company are gained from the sales of oils, creams and candles that are supplies by the company and the payment of treatments by clients. The amount of money that is acquired from the revenues of company are  £3000. The cost of sales is  £300 for the first month associated with the above. The Fixed Costs includes rent which is  £600, salary which is  £1000, advertising which is  £200, a delivery van expense which is  £50, interest of loan which is  £200 and bills which is  £200. The Overheads includes Office Furniture which is  £3000, insurance which is  £200, equipments which is  £800, laptop and printer which are  £900 and licenses which is  £100. The equipments of Aroma Boutique are bed, couch roll placed on the trolley and couch, chair or stool, towels, sheet and other cover, pillows, clean gown for the client, uniform for the therapist and a blanket in case the client becomes cold. Moreover, bolster or rolled up towels, CD player, client consultation form and pen. Therefore, the trolley should contain the following items which are essential oils, carrier oils, bowls for clients jewelry and cotton wool, antiseptic wipes and tissues. The sole trader will buy her essential and carrier oils from Essential Oil Online Ltd (http://www.essentialoilsonline.co.uk/). Also, the sole trader will buy her bed, trolley, couch roll, chair or stool and uniform from the website of the EBAY (http://shop.ebay.co.uk/?_from=R40_trksid=m570_nkw=MASSAGE+TABLE). Clean and fresh cotton sheets, towels or paper towels are used to cover the bed and must be changed regularly. Clean cotton or paper towel is also needed to place under the feet of each patient. It believed that 1000ml of carrier oils will need to be bought and10 rolls of couch roll will need to be bought every six months. The general Licences and permission of Aroma Boutique business are general business permit, a sales permit, a professional licence, a food service permit, a child care licence, a sign permit and client permit. The Social Insurance Scheme of Cyprus applies to all workers (employed and self employed). In the case of self employed person, the contribution is 16.9% on the insurance income of the person concerned. A self-employed person is liable to pay contributions for each contributions week in which he/she has worked. For example, fire alarm insurance, for security alarm (CTV), health insurance that include hospital and employees insurances. The costs of the insurances will be  £200. This company will have contact with clients due to the facts that legislation will have for their protection such as Consumer Protection Act 1973 (www.cyprusconsumers.org.cy). The Aroma Boutique are legislation around Health and Safety Association of Cyprus, including Cyprus Health Service Promotion Board and Health Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981. General Product Safety Regulations and register to regulating body of the IFPA (International Federation of Professional Aromatherapist) and IFR (International Federation of Reflexology) will be acquiescing. Section 2: 2.1 Marketing Strategy The process of developing a strategic marketing plan helps insure that all tactical marketing programs support the Aroma Boutiques goals and objectives, as well as convey a consistent message to customers. The Marketing Strategy for the Aroma Boutique will be effective and supportive to cover the particular needs of customers. The Marketing Strategy includes PESTLE and SWOT analysis to be productive. A SWOT analysis should be attend after the PESTLE analysis, as the external environment impacts on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and treats that the business faces. PESTLE analyses are the Political, Economical, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors of Aroma Boutique plan. Political factors: The integration of Complementary Therapies into health care practitioners is current political factor. Australian General Practitioners (GPs) said that esoteric therapies such as spiritual healing, aromatherapy and reflexology seem to be relatively safe and ineffective. In addition, GPs said that the risks of Complementary Therapies were seem to mainly arise from incorrect, inadequate or delayed diagnosis and interactions between Complementary Medications and pharmaceuticals (Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2005). This is harmful research for Complementary Therapy. However, as we know, there is lacking evidence from these therapies. There is a need to provide funding for further research from Complementary therapies. Economical factors: The financial difficulty it would have a negative effect of the products that Aroma Boutique provided. The quality, quantity and the price of products will be regularly ascertained by the sole trader of Aroma Boutique. Consequence, it will support team like NHS (National Health Service) that will increase the clients of company. However, Cyprus doesnt support the National Health Service (NHS) because of the finance. Finance minister of Cyprus Charilaos Stavrakis said: Final decisions should already have been made and the finances should have been sorted as a result we promote the NHS (www.cyprus-mail.com). Sociological factors: The social attitude against work and lifestyle has been seems to be very stressful. People want more and more in their life as a result, people are working longer hours. People using Complementary therapy will be less stressful and tired. People respecting and interesting in Complementary and Alternative Medicine, so they respect our job. Aroma Boutique is attractive place with healthy environment that people can enjoy it. Technological factors: Develop of technology will affect the Aroma Boutique because of the wed advertising. With Facebook page, Aroma Boutique will communicate with clients and will be selling more products. Customers will be informed of special events such as Christmas, and they will be interested to enjoy it. These aids can be very effective for the company. Legal factors: Legal aspects that would be allowable in the operations of the Aroma Boutique are legislation around Health and Safety Association of Cyprus, including Cyprus Health Service Promotion Board and Health Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981. Therefore, legislation about clients protection is Consumer Protection Act 1973 (www.cyprusconsumers.org.cy). General Product Safety Regulations and register to regulating body of the IFPA (International Federation of Professional Aromatherapist) and IFR (International Federation of Reflexology) will be acquiescing. Future legislation about Health and Safety will be change. This new legislation is designed to keep busy health and safety beside. The current course includes recent amendments to accident investigation techniques, fire and hazardous substance legislation (www.reedlearning.co.uk). Thus, the clients will trust and support the Aroma Boutique. Environmental factors: Aroma Boutique will have interesting environment with attractive decoration. It is on the beach, within walking distance from Paphos Harbor and 1 Km from the centre of Paphos (www.hotelclub.com). Customers will be relaxed with the beautiful view of Aroma Boutique. The EU has some of the highest environment standards in the world, developed over decades to address a wide range of issues. Total the main priorities are recycling, combating climate change, reducing health problems from pollution and using natural resources more responsibly(www.europa.eu). This legislation is promote a more efficient and accelerated process for healing environment. SWOT analysis of external and internal impacts on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that Aroma Boutique faces. Strengths: Aroma Boutique provides new natural products such as candles, lotion cream, essential oils and fragrance oil. These specific products will interest the clients with guaranteed high level of quality. Patients will be worry less about their condition after receiving treatment in Aroma Boutique. The aroma of natural essential oils stimulates the brain to trigger a reaction. Aromatherapy stimulates the immune system, strengthens resistance to disease and helps to combat infections. It can alleviate headaches and helps to deal with different emotions, such as anxiety, stress and depression. The sole practitioner has high level qualification with a BSc (Hons) Complementary Therapies and appropriate knowledge of Aromatherapy and Reflexology. The Aroma Boutique will be operated by a sole trader, as a result, there will not have to deal with any internal issues. Weaknesses: Many people would find it very stressful to be dependent on constantly finding work, rather than to be on regular salary (Hinks, 2000). These external factors will have an effect on the business because the sole trader will be stressful in her work. On the other hard, competitors has more experiences than the sole traders because they working for many years. The new business has no previous experiences of running a business. If the products works, people will buy it. By doing your homework and researching the efficacy of your product you will have the facts readily available to interested customers (Hinks, 2000). Opportunities: There is a growing area of possibilities of employment as complementary therapies grow in status and acceptance (Hinks, 2000). More clients will be visit the Aroma Boutique because it helps relieve health problems and improve the quality of life. Events health care organizer of Cyprus Victoria Costantinou said: We have many more therapists living in Paphos now. We have aromatherapists, osteopaths, and numerous health professionals in the district. The Complementary Therapy in Paphos has increase and the Aroma Boutique will have many interesting clients. Aroma Boutique shows the benefits of aromatherapy, while clients are getting paid without having to spend a penny. People will be interesting to invest in Aroma Boutique business in order to expand. The products will have the ability to become more popular because of technological developments. Facebook page and email will be connecting the business and other therapists as well as health care practitioners. Threats: Some practitioners have not helped the general image of Complementary Therapies by offering methods of treatments that are unreliable (Hinks, 2000). As a result the business will assure potential clients that the therapy has an objective credibility. Technological improvement could be regarded as a threat, like the manage chair, which could solicit Aroma Boutique clients. 2.2 Marketing Objectives Smart objective is a way of evaluate the objectives or ambition of a company including measurable, specific, achievable, time and realistic goals. Sole trader uses strong Marketing to build the business awareness. Networking and Connecting within sole trader community are important to get new clients in Aroma Boutique Company. The objective is specific, if the business will have 5 clients per week for the first months. The business is achievable as it only needs 2-3 new clients a week. Take a minimum of fifteen minutes break between each client. Six clients a day should be the maximum to ensure the therapist is not overworked and that the clients get a good treatment. (Renee Tanner, 2003) The realistic goals of marketing objectives are that Aroma Boutique will give to the clients free items when clients spend above a specified amount of treatment. Free offers help with the buying decision and increase sales of business. The objectives are achievable as the sole trader knows what makes Aroma Boutique different from competitors. During a year, sole trader will analyze her competitors strengths and weaknesses. For instance, Aroma Boutique is increasingly offering unique products to differentiable themselves from the common facials and body treatments. 2.3 Implementation Marketing Tactics: The Marketing Tactics of Aroma Boutique includes 4 Ps which are product, price, place and promotion. Product: Aroma Boutique having a great product as a result people loves oils so much that they buy them again and again and tell their friends. Aroma Boutique product are cream lotions, candle, essential oils and fragrance oils. Sole trader will ask for suggestions and honest feedback due the fact that it will decrease the quality of product. Price: Full body aromatherapy massage:  £50 Facial/Indian massage:  £20 1st treatment Urgent Care Routine Reflexology:  £30 8 treatments in Aromatherapy:  £420 6 treatments in Aromatherapy:  £370 8 treatments in Reflexology:  £300 6 treatments in Reflexology:  £240 The prices maybe will be decrease in few years. Place: The workforce will comprehend of only one person and they will operate as a sole-trader from a privately residence hotel. The name of hotel is Alexander the Great. It is located on the South-Western side of the isle of Cyprus. It is on the beach, within walking distance from Paphos Harbor and 1 Km from the town centre of Paphos (www.hotelclub.com) Promotion: They are cheap online advertising methods that customers will be attracted such as Facebook page. Moreover, Aroma Boutique will find cheap shipping and delivery services for their product such as Akis Express Ltd. Clients can see our advertising in labels in busy road in Paphos. The promotional materials will include leaflet in beauty shop or in shopping centre. Supporting friends will have our leaflet in their shops such as accessories shops, gym, hairstyling and perfume shops. Sales: 5% discount for first contact. 10% discount for second contact. 50% discount for sixth to twelfth contact. If you pay first 8 treatments, you will have 20% discount with free facial cream for women or free body cream for men. If you pay first 6 treatments, you will have 10% discount. For Student/ Family members/ older people will have 10% discount with one free treatment. For Christmas, Easter and specific holidays gifts are available. Prospecting: Keep sending message to the clients when Aroma Boutique has events and new products. Aroma Boutique will contact with clients every weekend because most people need to see and hear a message three to seven times before they will buy the product. Aroma Boutique will be celebrate particular dates of the year with special gifts and offers, for example Christmas, Easter and specific holidays. Therefore, perhaps the best place to start an aromatherapy and reflexology business is selling in festivals, trade shows and markets. Effective Marketing: Look for some low-cost ways that sole trader can enhance the perceived value of Aroma Boutiques product or service. Consequently, sales and net profit margin go up. Sole trader should not waste money in her business. For instance, sole trader calculates impact of the advertising and use only one telephone number for waste money. Benefit Power: The natural products will be made by the sole trader of the business. The natural products help people with dry, sensitive and damaged skin such as lotion and bath cream. Natural skin care products are the safest and the most effective means to maintain the good health of clients skin. Conversion: The advertising is magnetic so that is will attract peoples attention. The colours are interesting and associated with essential oil bottle logo. The colours of website design are similar to those of the advertising that will promote the marketing of Aroma Boutique. The pictures of advertising and web site associated with essential oil, natural products and massage. Timescales: The Aroma Boutique will be open in September 2013. The tasks will be controlled by Theodora Polydorou, the sole-trader and will be placed in timetable. The key tasks have been organized in order of implementation: Akis Express Ltd Design website Advert in leaflet The calculation for these breaks down as: Akis express Ltd  £50 Design website  £150 Advert in leaflet  £50 _______________ Total  £250 The timeline of these tasks will be as follows: Akis express Ltd delivers leaflet and product on 5th September Design website set up on 10th September Advert in leaflet will be prepare on 11th September